Introduction to Programming Language | Low-level Language | High-level language


 Programming Languages

Language is basically a system of communication where sound or signs convey objects, action and ideas. The history of language dates back to many thousands of years. Language is primarily spoken not written. But the development of the writing medium and later the printing system went a long way is the dissipation of knowledge and without which humans would have remained in the dark about the ways of life and thought processes of their ancestors. Language is the key to human lives. They can eliminate misunderstanding by using it as an instrument to transfer communication among people.
Language is a means of conveying ideas to others. This can also to a certain extent be done by the use of gestures and signs.
A programming language is a computer language which programmers use to develop applications, scripts or other set of instructions for a computer to execute.
          Or we can say, programming language is a language designed to describe a set consecutive actions to be executed by a computer. A programming language therefore, a practical way for us (humans) to give instructions to the computer.

Types of Programming Languages

There are mainly two types of programming languages. These are:

     1.   Low-Level Languages
     2.   High-Level Languages

Low-Level Languages

          Low-Level languages are machine codes. Computers cannot understand instructions given in English. It can only understand and execute instructions given in the form of machine language, i.e., language of 0 and 1.
There are two types of low-level language:
    1.   Machine Language
    2.   Assembly Language

Machine Language (First Generation Language or 1GL)
          Machine Language is the lowest and most elementary level of programming language. It was the first type of programming language to be developed. It is manufacturer designs a computer to obey just one language, it’s machine code, which is represented inside the computer by a string of binary digits (bits) 0 and 1. The symbol 0 stand for the absence of electric bulbs and 1 for the presence of electric pulse. Since, a computer is capable of recognising electrical signals, therefore, it understands machine language.

Assembly Language (Second Generation Language or 2GL)

Assembly language is a low-level programming language for computer or other Programmable devices specific to a particular computer architecture in contrast to most high-level programming languages, which are generally portable into executable machine code by utility programs referred to as an assembler like, MASM, etc.

 High-Level Language (3rd Generation Language or 3GL)

High-level language gives formats close to English language. The purpose of developing a high-level language is to enable people to write programs easily and in their own native language environment (English). High-level languages are basically symbolic languages that use English words for mathematical symbols rather than mnemonic codes.  Each instruction in high level language is translated into Many machine language instructions, thus, shows one-to-many translation.https://techindustriess.blogspot.com/2020/04/introduction-to-copmputer.html


Fourth Generation Language (4GL)

 Fourth generation language is a grouping of programming language that attempt to get closer than 3GLs to human language, forms of thinking and conceptualization.
4GLs Are designed to reduce the overall time, effort and cost of software development. the main domain and families of 4GLs are: Database queries, report generator, data manipulation, analysis and reporting, screen painters and generators, GUI Creators, mathematical Optimisation, web development and general-purpose languages.

 Fifth Generation Languages (5GL)

          The Fifth-generation programming language or visual programming language, is also known as Natural languages. Provides a visual of graphical interface, called divisible programming environment for creating source codes list of 5th generation programming allows people to interact with computers without needing any specialised knowledge.

People can talk to computers without needing any specialised knowledge. people can talk to computers and the voice recognition system can convert spoken sound into a written word list of prologue and mercury are the best-known 5th generation languages.

Some More Programming Languages
 Let us read to know about some of the programming languages

BASIC
The original basic was first developed at Dartmouth University by John kemeny and Thomas Kurtz and introduced on 1st May, 1964. basic is Short form of beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code and is an easy-to-understand programming language. today, basic is not used to develop programs, but is sometimes used to help to teach the fundamentals of programming. Below is an example of a basic program that prints “hello world!”.

10 print “Hello World”
20 END
Although basic is not commonly used today, new variants of basic such as Visual Basic are still popular and widely used.

 C
C is a general purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennus M. Ritchie At the Bell Telephone Laboratories to develop the UNIX Operating system. C is the most widely used computer language. it keeps fluctuating at number one scale of popularity along with Java programming language, which is also equally popular and most widely used among modern software programmers.

HTML
HTML Was developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990. HTML is short for hypertext mark-up language. it is your language used to create web page on the world wide web that contains hyperlinks to other pages. every webpage we see on the Internet contains HTML code that helps format and show text and images in an easy to read format.

Visual Basic
          Visual Basic is a computer programming system that has been developed and owned by Microsoft. Visual Basic was originally created to make it easier to write programs for the windows computer operating system. Visual Basic is often referred to by using just the initials, VB. Visual Basic is easily accessible and the most widely used computer programming system inthe history of software.

COBOL
COBOL (common business-oriented language) was the first widely-used high-level programming language for business and applications. Many Pay rolls, accounting and other business application programs writing in COBOL over the past 35 years are still in use and it is possible that there are most expressing lines of programming quotes in COBOL than in any other programming language.


FORTRAN
FORTRAN Stand for formula translator. it was one of the first programming language. the creation of begin in 1954 by the members of the IBM team. it was first introduced to the public on 15th October, 1956. 

JavaScript
JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language. it is lightweight and most commonly used as a part of web page, whose implementation allow client-side Script to interact with the user and mouse dynamic pages. it is an interpreted programming language with object- oriented capability.

JavaScript watch first known as livescript, but Netscape changed its name to JavaScript, possibly because of the excitement generated by Java. JavaScript made its first appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995With the name livescript. the general-purpose code of the language has been embedded in Netscape Internet Explorer and other web browsers.



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